For seven year I’ve searched for the best ways to use GIS at an Humanitarian NGO.
GIS touches so many areas of our work including fleet tracking, GPS tagging, disaster response coordination, and more. One area I think is incredible valuable is visualization.
GIS gives us ability to see things and understand things better than before and better than if information was in tables (excel), graphs or charts.
I’ve literally search the globe to find the best uses of GIS.
On my project we’re focusing our global capacity around four types of GIS visualization. With the focus of understanding change over time (impact) in our ministry areas.
To be successful today we need to show that our work is making a positive impact (or if it’s making a negative impact, we need to understand why…). With geographic visualization, I can show change over time at a real place at a real time.
Before I describe the four types of visualization, let’s discuss some basic terminology.
Understanding change over time with community surveys.
We use “Indicators” to understanding change in a community. These are questions we ask several community members to understand health services.
There are two ways to measure health change in a community. The first are outcomes. The second are outputs.
- An Outcome is benefit and change to which the outputs have contributed. The cause-effect relationship between output and outcome usually results in changes in knowledge and attitudes, which in turn lead to changes in people’s behavior. Outcomes are a measure of effectiveness.
- Example: Improved portion of a community with access to safe drinking water
- An Output is the tangible product or service delivered as a consequence of implementing one or more activities. Outputs contribute to achieving a higher-order strategic objective and are a measure of effort expended.
- Example: # of new protected water wells
I can link this ministry performance data to polygons to view where progress is being made.
- Outcomes
There are two types of outcome visualizations.
- Progress (% achieved v Target)
- Progress (% achieved v Threshold)
Below is an example of visualizing the # achieved of % access to clean water in communities versus the National Threshold (Government established rate of acceptable health care).
![outcome](https://jaredhyneman.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/outcome.png?w=840)
2.Outputs
Outputs are tangible, countable things. Examples include a new water well, a new school, # of training events. These are specific measurable things that contribute to the overall change described in the outcome indicator. Outputs are sometimes the same as public goods which are described in the next section.
- Progress (% achieved v Target). I can view my # of completed water wells versus my goal to drill 10 news wells.
In the example below, I visualize the percent achieved toward my target in each ministry area. On the left the map shows the status in 2014, on the right it shows the status in 2016. It is absolutely critical to time-reference your data. Spatial-temporal relationships is the backbone for GIS change over time visualizations.
![output.png](https://jaredhyneman.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/output.png?w=840)
3. Basic Resource Mapping
This is mapping public goods (facilities or institutions that contribute to well-being. This primarily helps us understand access to health services – understanding gaps and needs for basic health and human services.
Below is an example of an overlay with the Outcome and Basic Resource Map. The maps shows me the overall new access to clean water (identified through surveys with community members and the actual water points drilled.
![overlay](https://jaredhyneman.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/overlay.png?w=840)
Remember that the water wells are outputs themselves. It is helpful to do a baseline mapping before I begin any programmes in the area.
The final category has significant benefits to understanding my ministry area.
4. Environment (Variable/ Situational Intelligence)
- Risks/ Hazards (secondary data) – drought, floods, insects, disease,
- Vulnerability (primary or secondary) – economic indicators
- Population
I also put population into this category, but I haven’t found a great secondary data source for population counts attached to administrative areas.
Summary
Using GIS to show change overtime is an exciting new way to get better insights into your work and show what’s happening. With these four approaches you’ll be able to:
- Identify gaps in services in your programme areas allowing for significant positive change to happen.
- Communicate positive change to community members and donors.
- Understand where negative change is happening to you can make adjustments
- Share your public good mapping with donors and parters for increased transparency and promoting open data.
- Responsibly use the best technology to do your best work and help the most people.